Park of the Red Rocks Photographs

On Tuesday, August 4th, 2015, Governor Hickenlooper of Colorado announced the designation of Red Rocks Park as the state's 25th National Historic Site. Red Rocks was acquired by the City and County of Denver in 1928. During the depression, the Red Rocks Amphitheater was constructed through the joint efforts of Denver, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration. The amphitheater has been in use since 1941. Here are two previously unpublished photographs of the amphitheater during construction.

Front of the stage, facing the seat section of the

open air theater at the Park of the Red Rocks,

June, 1938.

The seat section, Red Rocks, June, 1938

These photographs were taken by Iris Ann Maen, who died in April, 1995, at age ninety.

SANDHILL CRANES OVER BLACKHORSE CANYON

A 1972 issue of the Heppner Gazette Times interviewed an early pioneer, Vida Zink (Mrs Ernest Heliker), who traveled to Morrow County with her parents as a child in1889. While she was still young, Vida’s parents leased the Leach Ranch in Blackhorse Canyon. Vida told the Gazette Times reporter that one of her vivid memories was “the yearly visit of the huge sandhill cranes that came into the Leach Ranch.” I am perplexed. I spent my early childhood years in Blackhorse Canyon, about two miles from the Leach Ranch, and cannot remember ever seeing or having a sandhill crane pointed out to me in that area. So it’s a mystery. Sandhill cranes in the dryland farming area of Morrow County?

My research begins. I called my brother Tony, who farms in Blackhorse Canyon and is a "birder". Yes, he tells me. There are cranes in Morrow County. He has seen them near the Anson Wright Park and Bull Prairie, south of Ruggs. He has not seen sandhill cranes on the ground in Blackhorse Canyon. He has seen large dark flocks of cranes flying north in the Spring, towards the Columbia National Wildlife Area near Othello, Washington. And he has watched them in the Fall flying south toward their California wintering grounds. In their October flight, he said, he often sees them breaking formation and circling to gain altitude for this leg of their migration. We discuss that in our childhood, as we sighted them overhead, we probably thought they were geese. We agree that Vida Heliker's sandhill cranes were probably flying over and not on the ground.

Next, I email Gary Ivey, a researcher for the International Crane Foundation. Ivey is based in Bend, Oregon, and is with the West Coast Crane Working Group. Indeed, he tells me, the lesser sandhill cranes pass over Morrow County during migration from their breeding grounds in SW Alaska to their wintering areas in California. They come through heading south mostly during October and return to the north through Oregon in March and early April. They do typically circle during migration to rise to catch better thermal air currents so they can soar to save energy. 

These maps show the central flyway of the lesser sandhill crane in Oregon, 

going directly over Heppner and Lexington, Oregon.

More research on the internet tells me that sandhill cranes are big, with wingspans that can be over six feet. They have long legs and necks, and long pointed beaks. Juveniles are gray, washed with brown. Adults are gray with distinctive red crowns. During breeding season, the gray plumage of adults is often stained a rusty brown with mud. A “bustle” covers the short tail with long drooping inner wing feathers, giving the tail a distinctive drooping appearance. To see an eight minute video of Gary Ivey and sandhill cranes on Sauvie Island, Oregon, copy and paste this url: http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/sandhill-crane-migrations-revealed-by-satellites/

Looking further, I discover on the internet an October 20, 1805 entry by William Clark in his Journal, “While sitting on a rock waiting for Captain Lewis (probably near Blalock Island) I shot a crane which was flying over of the common kind.” Later, he adds, “I killed a duck that with the crane afforded us a good supper. The Indians continued all night at our fires. This day we made 36 miles.” So cranes in Morrow County is not new information. Just  new to me.

More reading gives me current information from the Pendleton Birding Club in the form of their April 2015 newsletter, Kakya Taymut. “…(I)ndications are that during the past several years (not just in 2015) many species are tending to arrive earlier in the spring in Umatilla County. Warmer, milder winter and spring weather, due to climate change, is a likely factor that influences the migration timing of some of these species. The apparent change in the winter occurance of sandhill cranes is another indication of a milder climate. In 2013 and 2014, small groups of cranes lingered in the Echo Meadows area until mid-December. In previous years, the last cranes would migrate through Umatilla County in November.” “This past January and February (and possibly longer), two sandhill cranes were seen by several observers just north of Pilot Rock. They were mostly seen foraging in a particular wheat stubble field and apparently spent the winter in that area. … Overwintering sandhill cranes is a new phenomenon for Umatilla County and may be related to a milder climate.”

In one online blog, a local person comments, “There have been a few residing at the ranch over the summer and there are a bunch that spend time there in the fall --- very noisy. The ranch ranges from about 4,000 to 4,600 feet in elevation in the western Blue Mountains (Morrow County, Fossil Unit). Timber and meadows, some water. I love watching these birds fly. The first time I saw a couple at the ranch …. I was amazed at how tall these birds are.”

Vida Heliker offered another observation which I want to explore: Vida told the Gazette Times reporter that she "...recalls that many years ago when these cranes stopped at several places in the county, one struck little Pearl Wright at her family home near Ruggs and pecked out one of her eyes.” “Do you know," I asked Gary Ives, "of many instances where humans have been injured by sandhill cranes?” “A crippled whooping crane,” he responded, “was reported to have killed a native hunter in Canada in the late 1800s by stabbing through his eye into his brain. They can cause injury with their beaks and their talons, which are very sharp also.” Another on line blog includes the comment, "If your dog goes to retrieve one, give your dog safety glasses?" So I now know, keep your children and pets at a safe distance.

Sandhill cranes have passed over and perhaps staged in Morrow County for perhaps thousands of years. I'm sure that many more alert persons than I, including Vida Zink Heliker, have always known that. For me, the association of cranes with Morrow County is new and exciting.  I often experience moments in life where I have to ask myself, "Where was I when that happened?" But to receive knowledge at any point in life is a wonderful thing. I'll be looking for sandhill cranes on my next visit to Blackhorse Canyon.

HORSE DRAWN COMBINE, 1938

This is a wonderful video of a horse drawn combine in the Palouse country, 1938. My father was a sacker on a similar combine in 1925, at age 16. You can see this job about 35 seconds into the video. This video is from You Tube and was filmed by Leonard Young for Washington State University. This silent film was digitized and uploaded at Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University from a film held in the WSU Libraries (Pullman, Washington).

Thanks to Phyllis Nelson Hyder for finding this video and posting it on Facebook.

FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS AND THE FIRST QUAKER PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY

     Yesterday was the 50th anniversary of "Blood Sunday" in Selma, Alabama. The coverage of commemorations of this event has brought to my mind the drafting of the first quaker protest against slavery, done by four persons in Germantown, Pennsylvania in1688. This document included language such as: "....we shall doe to all men licke as we will be done ourselves; macking no difference of what generation, descent or Colour they are." and "Pray, what thing in the world can be done worse towards us, then if men should robb or steal us away, & sell us for slaves to strange Countries, separating housband from their wife and children. Being now this is not done at that manner we will be done at, therefore we contradict & are against this traffic of men body. And we who profess that it is unlawfull to steal, must lickewise avoid to purchase such things as are stollen, but rather help to stop this robbing and stealing if possibel."

     This protest was not successful, but years of debate and other protests followed. Finally in 1758 popular Quaker sentiment prevailed and rules were adopted making it an act of misconduct to engage in slave trading.
     Among the four persons drafting the initial 1688 protest was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who brought a group of German Mennonite immigrants to Philadelphia in 1683, one year after William Penn established the city. Among those immigrants was Cornelius Bom of Holland, who was my many times great grandfather, and whose daughter married Edmund Du Chastel, known to his descendants as "The Pirate". Bom was a baker, who came to this country on the ship America, and settled in Germantown on property bought from Pastorius. His bake shop was located at Third and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia.

Roger Doherty

THE KILLING OF CLARENCE McBROOM

James G. Doherty, a lad of sixteen, arrived in New York City in October, 1883 with his mother, sister and brother. His father dead in Ireland, Doherty made his way to Big Butter Creek in Umatilla County with his family and stayed first with his mother's cousin, Catherine Doherty Nelson. Doherty and his brother Bernard went to work for their brother-in-law, Charles Cunningham, until buying their own place and continuing in the sheep business. In 1891, the Doherty brothers moved to Blackhorse Canyon, about six miles north of Heppner and engaged in the cattle business. At the time of this event, James Doherty was married and head of an expanding family of eight children. 

 

 James Doherty in 1906, with Catherine Doherty

and the first seven of their children: L to R

Ann, Nora, Tina, Mary, Francis, Sara, Margaret.

          Southern Umatilla County in the early 20th century was a pretty rough area. Down in this country one early historian described the area as “a rude borderland, where sheep, cattle, and mining interests battle for the supremacy and Winchester rifles and “six shooters” are more respected than the law.” 

          This area is, he says, “a rough, wild but exceedingly romantic region, past Big Pots and Little Pots, Vinson, Nye, and Butter Creek, famed for their extensive sheep and cattle industries. Among these rugged hills and in the hundred canyons may be seen peacefully grazing nearly all of Umatilla county’s 300,000 sheep, besides many thousands of cattle…”

      Cattle and sheep require grass and grazing land, and by this time common lands are getting scarcer. In southern Umatilla and Morrow counties, the government of President Roosevelt has created forest reserves (1906). In 1907 the forest reserves were renamed national forests and in June of 1908, all of the Heppner National Forest and a portion of the Blue Mountain National Forest were combined into the Umatilla National Forest that we know today. The process of grazing allotments in the national forests was contentious, and sheep and cattle interests vied for separate area. Regional quarrels also occurred, with Oregon interests seeking to have sheep and cattle from Washington State excluded from the Umatilla allotments. The process also involved designated and separate “drive lanes” to herd stock to and from allotments. While on the public lands, it was the stockmen’s responsibility to monitor where animals were grazing and to abide by the terms of their allotments.

          This responsibility was traditionally shared.  In February, 1907, a meeting of about 200 stock raisers was held in Heppner to request government permission to pasture stock on the forest reserves and presumably to discuss allotments. Later in the spring, a meeting of cattlemen was scheduled in Gurdane to discuss employing men to ride after and care for their stock on the reserve, and of dividing the range between cattlemen and sheepmen. This meeting was initiated by George Horseman, a cattleman from The Pots near Gurdane who circulated a petition calling for the meeting.

HORSEMAN AND McBROOM 

          From information gleaned from court records and newspaper accounts, as well as family lore, we know that there was bad blood for some time between Horseman and a younger cattleman named Clarence McBroom. In McBroom’s camp were several other relatives and clan members, as well as connections to powerful politicians in Pendleton, the county seat.

          McBroom’s family moved to Umatilla county in 1862 from Missouri. He was the youngest of ten siblings, four boys and six girls. Names that appear in court records and in newspaper reports include his brother, Edgar L. McBroom, a well-known and connected rancher, as well as owner of The Golden Rule Hotel from the Pendleton area; his uncle John Gurdane who was a pioneer rancher in the county and his cousin, Tom Gurdane, who was a city marshal in Pendleton (The Gurdane family originally settled in the Little Pots area near the community of Gurdane). Also in the picture was William Curtwright, a brother-in-law of Edgar McBroom and Daniel Hicks and James Hall who were married to McBroom’s sisters. There were other siblings in this family, many of them probably quite nice. The sort of people you might want for neighbors.

          In February, 1907, Clarence McBroom was 23 years old and described in court records as “weighing about 180 pounds and and was quite vigorous”. George Horseman was described by the East Oregonian as about 80 years old. The court record merely says that he was "past middle age".

          Horseman was the oldest of three Horseman brothers, the others being Albert and Clarence, the latter then deceased.

 BAD BLOOD PRECEDED THE MEETING

          In the spring of 1906 a quarrel occurred between Horseman and McBroom, in which McBroom was stabbed by Horseman. Apparently McBroom went to Pendleton to try to have Horseman arrested, but was persuaded to drop the case. The Pendleton East Oregonian reported that “It is said that Horseman has borne a hatred for McBroom ever since and has desired to kill him”.

          McBroom, who lived around with various relatives and had a homestead near Gurdane, was said to be popular and to drink “but little”. His uncle, E. L. Gurdane stated that he was not disposed to get into trouble or to threaten anyone. But the trouble kept increasing.

          In December, an incident about a fence happened. Some of McBroom’s wire fencing has fallen into the public road. The county judge (county  administrator) of Umatilla county issued a written request for its removal. It seems that Horseman met McBroom on the road and advised him of the order and asked him, or perhaps was more forceful, to remove the fencing. Horseman was not the county road supervisor who should have followed up on the judge’s order. McBroom became very angry and visited upon Horseman “vile and opprobrious epithets”. He ordered Horseman to get off his horse and threatened to beat him. 

          Horseman, sensibly, rode away, but McBroom mounted his horse and followed Horseman. In about 150 feet McBroom met his clansman William Curtwright and said to him, “If you will go with me, I will catch him, pull him off his horse, and beat him to death”.

          The very next day, Horseman was watering stock near a fence when McBroom neared him on the road on the other side of the fence. McBroom,” with an oath and vile words” said, “I've got you now.” McBroom dismounted and approached the fence. Horseman however brandished his pocket knife and McBroom did not attempt to climb over the fence. McBroom mounted his horse and rode away saying that he would kill Horseman. Soon after, the ever supportive Curtwright passed the place carrying a rifle. Thereafter, according to court records, whenever Horseman saw McBroom passing along the road, he avoided him.

          A couple of other incidents lead up to the Gurdane event. At the February, 1907 stockmen's meeting in Heppner, the same Curtwright made threats against Horseman to the effect that “if my cattle do not go on that range, it is Horseman that is to blame for it and he will never see Pots again”. By this he meant the the neighborhood of “Pots” near which Horseman lived. Contemporary records don't tell us any more about Horseman and Curtwright's cattle.The court later noted that this threat was made known to Horseman prior to the May meeting in Gurdane.

          On March 28, 1907, Clarence McBroom said in a conversation with a person named George Taylor, “I will kill the son of a bitch before the summer is over with”.  Then on May 10th McBroom told Anthony Corley whose family was from the Gurdane area that he planned to attend the next day’s meeting in Gurdane and, referring to Horseman said, “I am going to give him a licking and a God damned good one”. In court later it was established that the last two threats were not communicated to Horseman before May 11th.

 

 Gurdane as it looks now.

 THE MEETING AT GURDANE

         On May 11th the early morning was chilly and George Horseman was helping to light a fire in the Gurdane schoolhouse in preparation for the gathering stockmen. Horseman then went outside and was shaking hands with a neighbor when he was sucker punched under the ear by Clarence McBroom.

          McBroom, backed up by his motley crew continued to beat on Horseman, striking him in the face, severely biting his thumb, and throwing him to the ground. As the fight was beginning and while it was in progress, Horseman urged bystanders to take McBroom away. But they were prevented from doing so by James Hall, McBroom’s brother-in-law, who said, “Let him beat him up for a while”.

          No one stepped forward … until James Doherty a rancher from Blackhorse Canyon, about six miles north of Heppner, stepped out of the crowd and challenged Hall, “If you don’t take him off, I’ll kick him off”. Doherty was a gutsy sort of guy and became a legend to his descendants for this stance.

          Hall told McBroom to get up, which he did. Horseman had two teeth knocked loose, his lip nearly cut in two, his nose “slightly” broken, his thumb and hand lacerated, and a contusion on his back in the region of his kidneys. As a result of the contusion, he passed bloody urine several times immediately after the attack. It was a pretty bad beating.

          At this point McBroom went into the school house and Horseman went to the school’s horse trough to clean up. While at the trough, washing the blood from his bruised face, the ever pleasant Curtwright walked back and forth behind Horseman, abusing and cursing him, and calling him all kinds of vile and opprobrious names. Referring to the beating Curtwright said, “You haven’t got half of what you will get”. He then stated that if he caught Horseman driving his (Curtwright’s) cattle again, he would never drive any other person’s stock.

          In a short time - ten minutes according to court records - McBroom in the school house discovered that he had lost his pocket knife. He left the building but instead of looking for his knife, he joined  with Curtwright and they both continued to curse and abuse Horseman. Both advanced toward Horseman, one on the right and one on the left. Curtwright, alluding to a weapon which he knew that Horseman carried said, “You God damned son of a bitch, and I'll shove that gun up your ass”. McBroom, equally pleasantly added, “I'll make you eat it".

          Advancing, Curtwright assumed a threatening attitude and according to witnesses looked like he was going to attack Horseman. Horseman stepped back a bit and told them to stay away from him. Another witness said it looked like McBroom was going to make a run on Horseman.

          McBroom had his hand in his pocket and attempted to take it out. Horseman pulled his gun from his pocket and fired…McBroom was felled by a shot “just below the right eye”.

AFTER THE KILLING

          Horseman quickly mounted his horse and set out for Pendleton. At Nye Junction, Horseman telephoned Col. J. H. Raley and asked that he and Judge James A. Fee, both Pendleton Attorneys, defend him at trial. A telephone message was sent to Sheriff Til Taylor that Horseman was on his way to Pendleton to give himself up. The message was received at about 1:00 pm and by 2:30 Taylor had left Pendleton with the intention of meeting Horseman. 

          Soon after a party consisting of District Attorney Phelps, Coroner Ralph Folsom, E. L. McBroom and others set out for Gurdane to retrieve McBroom’s body and to investigate the killing. The East Oregonian quoted McBroom’s uncle as to his peaceful disposition, and cited “those who know Horseman” as saying “He holds a reputation that is not enviable” and that “He is said to have been of a troublesome disposition in the past and to have been a ‘gunman’”. 

          Sheriff Taylor and Horseman arrived back in Pendleton about 9:30 that evening. The Portland Oregonian described Horseman at this time: “He is badly broken up over the affair and his face, which is cut and scratched, with the eyes red from weeping, presents a haggard appearance”. 

TWO VERSIONS 

          The Prosecutor in this case offered evidence which was intended to show that after the initial fight, and as McBroom was leaving the school grounds for his home, Horseman smarting from his beating and taunts of cowardice drew his gun and pointed it at McBroom’s back. McBroom’s brother-in-law, Daniel Hicks, seeing the drawn gun shouted to Horseman, “Don’t do that, George. Don’t do that!” Whereupon McBroom turned toward Horseman just in time to receive a shot in the face. 

          The defense team of James H. Raley and James A. Fee advanced the theory that McBroom, facing Horseman, attempted to withdraw his hand from his pocket and that Horseman, fearing from the severe beating which he had received, and from the threats of his assailants which had been communicated to him, that his life was in danger, fired at and immediately killed McBroom. 

          James Doherty was called as a witness at the coroner’s inquest and at Horseman’s trial. 

          The issues of law revolved around whether there was a conspiracy between McBroom and Curtwright, and whether Curtwright’s threats made at Heppner could be linked to McBroom. McBroom’s threats had not been communicated to Horseman by the time of the killing. The judge ruled that a conspiracy was not established and Horseman was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to ten years in the penitentiary. Horseman appealed. 

          The Supreme Court of Oregon in November 1908 reversed the judgement and ordered a new trial. 

THE DOHERTY LORE 

          James Doherty was forty-one years old in 1907, a family man with eight children. He and his brother Bernard had spent several years in the Butter Creek area between 1883 and 1891, working for Charles Cunningham and then ranching on their own before moving to Blackhorse Canyon. No stranger to the hard life of the stockman, it is not surprising that he stepped forward. What is surprising is that no one else seemed to do so. The Supreme Court’s words on this are, “Finally one of the men present said to Hall, in referring to McBroom, “If you don’t take him off, I’ll kick him off”. The family likes a little more emphasis in the statement. Onie McLauglin’s version was “… or I’ll, By God, kick him off!" 

          I heard my father tell this story once at the kitchen table, and again when my father died, Onie McLaughlin told it at dad’s wake. The interesting thing is that both tellings were very similar to each other and are faithful to court and newspaper records. An important point is that this family story follows closely to Horseman’s defense, and does not corroborate the prosecution’s theory.

          Finally, it appears that both McBroom and Horseman may have been somewhat unsavory, but the difference in age and apparently, fitness, paints a pretty clear picture which one was the thug in this case. 

          I must also note the very interesting language used by the court, and especially “opprobrious” (scurrilous, abusive, etc). 

          I don't know what ultimately happened to Horseman, or even whether there was a second trial. To confuse the issue there was another Horseman around at that time – George Lindsey Horseman -  who was kind of colorful in his own right and a pretty  upstanding character and I've tried to be careful not to get the two confused in this story. 

                                                                                                                Roger Doherty, February 2015